Science of Sintering
type: channel
publisher: Association for ETRAN Society
language: en
publication name: Science of Sintering
issn: 0350-820X
items: Advancing Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers: Investigating Molarity's Role in Microstructure and Mechanical Performance
items: The B2O3/SiO2 Ratio and Dwelling time Dependent Crystallization Behavior, Phase Formation, Microstructural Features, and Thermal Behavior of SrO-CaO-Al2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2 Glass System
items: Influence of rGO Concentration on the Strain and Conductivity in MAIPbCl2 Thin Films
items: Cavitation Resistance of Laser-Sintered MS1 Steel
items: Capacitance Breakthroughs in Free-Standing Electrodes Through MXene Functionalization
items: Calcined Mullite Powder Produced from Waste Clay-Diatomite
items: Investigation of Microstructural and Tribological Properties of a Commercial Brake Pad
items: Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Recycled Rubber Particles
items: Characterization and Densification of Hot Pressed ZrCN–ZrO2 Ceramics
items: Issue Cover
items: Intergranular Capacitance of Sintered BaFe12O19 Doped with TiO2 in the very Low Frequency Region
items: Effects of Soda Lime Glass Waste on the Physical, Mechanical and Aesthetics Properties of Sanitary-Ware Glazes
items: Red Mud-Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers as an Eco-Friendly Material for Immobilization of Toxic Pollutants (Pb and Cu) from Wastewater
items: Determining Threaded Machine Element Fabrication Technology by Pulsed Thermography
items: Investigation of the Effects of Surface Oxide Layer on Wear and Corrosion in NiTi Alloys: A Mechanical and Chemical Perspective
items: Influence of Iron on the Mullite Formation-Supplementary
items: Thermal Stability and Leaching Behavior of Alkali-Activated Slag Doped with Electric Arc Furnace Dust
items: Room Temperature Mössbauer Characterization of Ferrite with Spinel Structure
items: Influence of Grinding, Pressing and Sintering of the Powder 50.0 wt% Fe, 47.0 wt% BaTiO3 and 3.0 wt% TiO2 on Morphology, Microstructure, Magnetic and Electric Properties
items: Effects of Rice Husk Ash Particles on Tribological Properties of Bronze Matrix Composite Brake Pads
items: Influence of Iron on the Mullite Formation
items: Analyzing the Variations in the Composition and Properties in Zirconia Alumina Composite Ceramics
items: Development of Low Carbon and Energy-Efficient Geopolymer-Based Paving Blocks
items: Preparation of Magnetic Surface Molecularly Imprinting Polymers Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate as Selective Sorbents for Aniline Removal from Aqueous Medium
items: Sintered Magnesium Ferrite Particles in Decolorization of Anthraquinone dye AV 109: Combination of Adsorption and Fenton Process
items: Solid-state Synthesis of a Luminescent Material Based on Strontium Aluminate Doped with Rare Earths
items: Sintered Magnesium Ferrite Particles in Decolorization of Anthraquinone dye AV 109: Combination of Adsorption and Fenton Process-Supplementary material
items: Comparative Analysis of In-Situ Ionic Activators for Increased Energy Efficiency Process in Alkaline Electrolysers
items: Exploring the Use of Iron Ore and Pellet Dusts in Sinter Production: A Comprehensive Evaluation

Advancing Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers: Investigating Molarity's Role in Microstructure and Mechanical Performance
type: item
description: This research examines the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration on the synthesis, the physical and mechanical characteristics of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars. Geopolymers were cured at 65°C with different NaOH molarities (6–16 M), and their bulk density, total porosity, compressive strength, and flexural strength were meticulously analyzed. The inquiry used sophisticated microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidate significant phase shifts and structural alterations.The findings indicate that the geopolymers produced with both lower and higher NaOH concentrations had enhanced physical and mechanical capabilities. XRD examination verified the existence of predominant crystalline phases of metakaolin and the development of a novel amorphous geopolymeric phase. This thorough methodology elucidates the ideal circumstances for improving geopolymer efficacy, offering significant insights for advanced material innovation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Moustafa Habib Chenafi
creator: Zoubir Makhloufi
creator: Hichem Berkak
creator: Ahmed Othmane Bekkai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

The B2O3/SiO2 Ratio and Dwelling time Dependent Crystallization Behavior, Phase Formation, Microstructural Features, and Thermal Behavior of SrO-CaO-Al2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2 Glass System
type: item
description: In the present study, the SrO-CaO-ZnO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2 - based glass system is studied to investigate the effect of B2O3/SiO2 ratio and heat treatment dwell time on crystallization, phase development, and microstructural features in monolithic glass. The density of glasses increases with the increase in B2O3/SiO2 ratio as B2O3 has a higher molar mass than SiO2. The XRD patterns revealed that an increase in B2O3/SiO2 ratio facilitates the crystallization as evident in the case of glass of largest B2O3/SiO2 ratio (≈ 0.4) at 10 h dwelling at 850°C. However, at higher dwell time i.e. 20 and 30h, all glass specimens transformed to glass-ceramic, indicating a vital role of heat treatment time on crystallization. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that with the increase in the B2O3/SiO2 ratio, the anisotropic growth of crystals increases which is prominent for the glass having B2O3/SiO2 ratio (≈ 0.4). In addition, the corresponding temperature for various thermal events like sintering, softening, half-sphere, and melting is evaluated as a function of temperature at varying heating rates with the help of a heating stage microscope. The increase in heating rate, enhance the temperature for sintering, softening, and melting due the delayed arrival of required thermal energy as recorded in the heating stage microscope system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Prasenjit Barick
creator: Sajal Prusty
creator: Rangadhara Chary V
creator: Bhaskar Prasad Saha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Influence of rGO Concentration on the Strain and Conductivity in MAIPbCl2 Thin Films
type: item
description: The composite of methylammonium lead chloride iodide-reduced graphene oxide (MAIPbCl2/rGO) was prepared via the soak deposition method. In this work, the composite was studied with differences of weight percent (wt%) rGO on MAIPbCl2 precursor, whose rGO contents of 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt%, and 10 wt% were considered. A variety of the composition of all samples was observed and analyzed for optical, physical, and electrical properties using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and the Hall effect. Normally, the mean crystallite size of MAIPbCl2 is 22.01 nm, whereas the composited MAIPbCl2/rGO obtained a maximum crystallite size of 29.88 nm (in the case of 8 wt% rGO). Remarkably, a MAIPbCl2/8 wt% rGO thin film assembly was produced that demonstrated the lowest strain of 7.07×10-2. Moreover, the activation energy determined from the nature logarithm of conductivity and 1000/T by using the temperature-dependent electrical transport data was displayed in a temperature range of 298–323 K. It was found that MAIPbCl2/8 wt%rGO improves the activation energy of 0.95 eV and yields the enhancement a maximum conductivity of 36.93 S/cm at 303 K.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Kwanruthai Butsriruk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Cavitation Resistance of Laser-Sintered MS1 Steel
type: item
description: This study focuses on the determination of cavitation rate for samples produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) of MS1 maraging steel powder without any post-processing thermal or mechanical treatment (as-built). The test samples, fabricated using an EOSINT M280 machine in a nitrogen atmosphere, were evaluated for their cavitation resistance using the ultrasonic vibration method as proposed by the ASTM G32 standard. Surface characterization to determine the duration of the experiment, as well as during and after the experiment to analyze changes in surface characteristics, was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Additionally, chemical analysis was performed using the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) method before and after the experiment to identify any changes and locations of significant surface damage. The mass loss of the samples over time was measured to calculate the cavitation rate. The goal of this research was to explore the potential applications of laser-sintered MS1 steel powder for manufacturing machine components and parts that are subject to cavitation erosion, due to the numerous benefits of additive manufacturing over traditional conventional technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Pavle M. Ljubojević
creator: Marina B. Dojčinović
creator: Aleksandar A. Ćitić
creator: Snežana Ćirić-Kostić
creator: Nebojša M. Bogojević
creator: Tatjana M. Lazović
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Capacitance Breakthroughs in Free-Standing Electrodes Through MXene Functionalization
type: item
description: The discovery of the large group of 2D materials called MXenes has gathered much attention due to their potential applications in various fields as well as the evergrowing discoveries about their nature. One of the most interesting applications is energy storage devices. Herein, we demonstrated the impact of the functionalization with two different silanes on the electrochemical and structural properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene. Materials are prepared and characterized as free-standing films obtained by a simple vacuum filtration method. The structure of the modified MXene electrodes was confirmed via SEM, FTIR, and XPS analysis. At the same time, the electrochemical properties were determined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge in a two-electrode setup in aqueous electrolyte. Capacitance values at lower scanning speeds revealed the benefits of PEG silane functionalization (25.38 F/g), showing higher values compared to pure MXene (23.95 F/g) and MEMO silane (23.37 F/g). Capacitance retention decreased with the addition of silanes, but there was a significant increase in capacitance in the first 100 cycles. This study clarifies the benefits of adding different silanes to the structural and electrochemical properties of MXene for energy storage applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ivan Pešić
creator: Marija V. Pergal
creator: Dana Vasiljević-Radović
creator: Maja Popović
creator: Petar Uskoković
creator: Miloš Petrović
creator: Vesna Radojević
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Calcined Mullite Powder Produced from Waste Clay-Diatomite
type: item
description: Mullite powders have been fabricated using diatomite powder as Si and Al-nitrate as Al precursors, without using any additives. Samples were calcined at three temperatures (1300, 1400 and 1500 ºC) for a period of 1, 2 and 4 h. The obtained powders were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD) PSA (Particle Size Analysis), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy) and EDXS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Content of the crystalline phases with calcination temperature and dwell time was computed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD), using POWDER CELL software. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images confirmed that the rod shape morphology of mullite particles, with the diameters around 500 nm, and lengths, 5 µm embedded in an amorphous matrix. XRPD of the sintered samples at 1300 ºC showed formation of thermally stabile phases (mullite, cristobalite and corundum) that makes the analyzed diatomaceous earth suitable for production of various types of construction and thermal insulating ceramic materials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aleksandra Šaponjić
creator: Jelena Maletaškić
creator: Snežana Zildžović
creator: Željko Radovanović
creator: Maja Kuzmanović
creator: Slađana Maslovara
creator: Svetlana Ilić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Investigation of Microstructural and Tribological Properties of a Commercial Brake Pad
type: item
description: In this study, micro and macro characterization of commercial brake pad by SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR tests and determination of braking performance according to SAE J661 Test Procedure were aimed. The microstructure and spectrographic properties of the pad were compared with wear, density, surface roughness and hardness tests. In the study, it was determined that fibers, iron powders, oxides, vermiculite, graphite, barite and resin were homogeneously distributed in the microstructure and confirmed by the presence of :29 elements by EDX analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed different morphologies and crystal forms in the test sample. The interaction of organic and inorganic compounds and functional groups of different elements were studied by FTIR analysis. In braking tests, the highest hot and cold coefficients of friction were 0.48 and 0.58, respectively, and the pad quality was determined as class G.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Bekir Güney
creator: Hanifi Küçüksarıyıldız
creator: İbrahim Mutlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Recycled Rubber Particles
type: item
description: Quantity of waste rubber generated by automobile tires is growing, posing an environmental threat. Rubber tire recycling was studied for usage in asphalt and waterproofing systems during past few decades. Globally, concrete is the most widely used building material. About 7% of CO2 emissions come from the cement production. The purpose of this research is to assess if using waste rubber and Portland cement together in composite material for structural applications is feasible. Waste tires (shredded to 0/1 mm) were used as fine aggregate replacement (in 2.5 and 7.5 %), together with PC and natural stone. An investigation of properties in fresh (slump test, bulk density, air content) and hardened state (bulk density, compressive strength) was performed on the rubberized concrete. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content for all w/c ratios (0.55-0.4). The addition of fine-sized rubber did not cause a retardation in cement hydration mechanism. According to the obtained compressive strengths, all designed rubberized concretes belong to a group of structural concretes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Marko S. Stojanović
creator: Slobodan Šupić
creator: Ksenija Janković
creator: Dragan Bojović
creator: Anja Terzić
creator: Mirjana Malešev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Characterization and Densification of Hot Pressed ZrCN–ZrO2 Ceramics
type: item
description: ZrCN-ZrO2 ceramics were produced by hot pressing at a temperature of 2273 K, a pressure of 30 MPa, and a holding time at a given temperature of 15 minutes. Sintering was carried out in a vacuum environment. High-density ZrCN-ZrO2 ceramics were manufactured using zirconium nitride and carbide powders. Zirconium dioxide acted as a sintering additive due to its lowest melting point among the studied compounds. Using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis, the presence of zirconium carbonitride as a matrix phase with different stoichiometry, depending on the change in the initial composition of the powders, was established. An increase in strength, hardness, Young's modulus, and crack resistance of the studied materials was observed with an increase in the content of zirconium nitride in the mixture of initial powders and a decrease in the porosity of the material. At the same time, a decrease in subgrains was recorded according to the results of X-ray phase analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Egor Kuzmenko
creator: Sergey Matrenin
creator: Yicheng Liang
creator: Gulnara Voronova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Issue Cover
type: item
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Intergranular Capacitance of Sintered BaFe12O19 Doped with TiO2 in the very Low Frequency Region
type: item
description: A powder of BaFe12O19 composition (barium hexaferrite) was prepared by using the respective mixture of metal oxides and performing a solid-state reaction at 1000 °C/4h in air. The obtained barium hexaferrite powder was milled for a prolonged time in the planetary ball mill and agate mill to achieve submicron powder. The BaFe12O19 submicron powder was mixed with TiO2 nanopowder as a dopant. The prepared powder mixture was characterized by using XRD and SEM techniques. After that, the barium hexaferrite powder mixture was pressed into thin and small diameter size disk-shaped samples and sintered at different sintering profiles from 1050 °C to 1275°C/2h to 6h. The sintered samples were also characterized by using XRD and SEM. The main electrical properties such as capacitance (intergranular) and bulk resistance R at 1 Hz to 100 Hz were measured at room temperature. The dielectric permittivity was calculated from the equivalent scheme of disk capacitor. The obtained results were used for observing space charge relaxation effects and development of multilayer capacitor forenergy storage device.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Stanko O. Aleksić
creator: Nina N. Obradović
creator: Srđan M. Petrović
creator: Darko A. Kosanović
creator: Miloljub D. Luković
creator: Milica G. Kisić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05

Effects of Soda Lime Glass Waste on the Physical, Mechanical and Aesthetics Properties of Sanitary-Ware Glazes
type: item
description: Recycling some waste industrial products in the traditional ceramics is a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. This work focused on the incorporation of soda lime glass waste (SLGW) in the manufacturing of sanitary ware glazes. Eleven formulations were made under industrial conditions and compared to a reference industrial glaze. The findings revealed that the use of SLGW instead of dolomite (7 wt.%) leads to a significant improvement of the whiteness from 87.0 to 93.26 %. While the use of 20 wt. % SLGW instead of feldspar and 17 wt.% in place of the mixture (10 wt.% feldspar - 7 wt.% dolomite) results in an increased whiteness of 88.58 % and 89.42 %, respectively. The structural and morphological characterizations of the obtained glazes were identified by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM analysis. However, the thermal analyses of the glazes were determined by DTA and TG techniques. Rheological behavior of the slip glazes; both physical and mechanical properties of the fired glazes have been also measured. This study revealed that soda lime glass wastes are good alternative materials, and the corresponding formulations were shown to be viable in the industry of the ceramic glazes. The most remarkable conclusion from this study was that the addition of SLGW improved the aesthetic aspect (whiteness and brightness) of sanitary ceramic glazes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sonia Mendaci
creator: Kamel Boudeghdegh
creator: Abdelmalek Roula
creator: Khaled Boulaiche
creator: Nedjima Bouzidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Red Mud-Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers as an Eco-Friendly Material for Immobilization of Toxic Pollutants (Pb and Cu) from Wastewater
type: item
description: The use of waste materials as a precursor for synthesizing geopolymer materials is increasingly being utilized. This research aimed to examine the potential use of red mud-fly ash geopolymers to remove toxic pollutants such as copper and lead ions from wastewater. Samples of different ratios of red mud (RM) and fly ash (FA) were synthesized through alkaline activation. Based on compressive strength a geopolymer (RMFAGP1) with the highest value of 29.54 MPa, was chosen for further research. The physical-chemical characterization of RMFAGP1 in terms of mineral composition and structure was performed using XRD, DRIFT and SEM analysis. BET analysis was used to define porosity, as well as the specific surfaces necessary for efficient adsorption. The batch equilibration method was used to determine the PZC value, which serves as a guide for predicting the adsorption process. The best adsorption efficiency was achieved at pH =4 (88.5%) i.e. at pH=5 (99.4%) for Cu and Pb, respectively. The performed analyses indicate that waste materials, such as red mud and fly ash, can be used as raw materials for obtaining a geopolymer that can effectively immobilize Pb and Cu from wastewater, offering a low-cost and eco-friendly solution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ivana Bošković
creator: Slađana Goranović
creator: Mira Vukčević
creator: Ljiljana Kljajević
creator: Snežana Nenadović
creator: Marija Ivanović
creator: Jelena Gulicovski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Determining Threaded Machine Element Fabrication Technology by Pulsed Thermography
type: item
description: Non-destructive testing methods, including pulsed infrared thermography, have become quite common in materials evaluation. The method is suitable for checking the quality of the surface treatment of the material structure up to a certain depth and is increasingly applied in the areas of system maintenance and condition assessment of machine elements. Thus, when installing spare parts (screws) for military purposes, for example in airplanes, helicopters, tanks, or armored vehicles, as well as for commercial purposes, for example, excavators or other machines, it is necessary to inspect these parts additionally to be sure of their quality. The paper discusses the applicability of pulse infrared thermography in the quality control of screws, through the determination of the technology of making standard threaded joints (by rolling or cutting), as well as the technology of the final surface treatment of screws with a cadmium layer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Stevan Jovičić
creator: Ljubiša D. Tomić
creator: Aleksandar M. Kovačević
creator: Nenad Munić
creator: Vesna Damnjanovic
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Investigation of the Effects of Surface Oxide Layer on Wear and Corrosion in NiTi Alloys: A Mechanical and Chemical Perspective
type: item
description: Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys are widely applied in biomedical and industrial domains, mainly because of their unique superelastic characteristics and biocompatibility. However, their performance is often constrained by their tendency to wear and corrode, particularly under repetitive mechanical loading, harsh environmental conditions, and high friction coefficients. This study aims to reduce the wear rate and friction coefficient of NiTi alloys by forming oxide layers on the surface through heat treatment, while also increasing their corrosion resistance. It also examines the effects of high-temperature and prolonged heat treatments on surface performance. NiTi alloys were subjected to heat treatments at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for 2 and 4 hours. Wear tests were conducted using the ball-on-disc method under three different loads (5N, 10N, and 15N), three different test durations (30, 60 and 90 min), and at a constant speed of 0.05 m/s, to measure the friction coefficient and wear rates. Additionally, the alloys mechanical and corrosion performance was evaluated through microhardness and electrochemical corrosion tests. The results showed that samples treated at 1100 °C for 4 hours exhibited a 146% increase in microhardness, reaching 640 HV, with the oxide layer thickness increasing to 462 μm. This oxide layer reduced the wear rate by 60%, bringing it down to 150x10-6 mm³/Nm during a 30 min test under a 15N load, while the friction coefficient decreased by 58%, dropping to 0.30 μ. In contrast, nonheattreated samples exhibited lower hardness (260 HV), higher friction coefficients (0.72 μ), and greater wear rates (370x10-6 mm³/Nm) under a 5N load over a 90 min test. Corrosion analyses indicated that samples treated at higher temperatures showed more positive corrosion potentials and significantly improved corrosion resistance, with the best performance observed in samples treated at 1100 °C for 4 hours. These findings suggest that the thick oxide layers formed during h…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Emre Altas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Influence of Iron on the Mullite Formation-Supplementary
type: item
description: Influence of iron on the crystallization mechanism of mullite obtained from the hybrid gels and doped with different concentrations of iron was examined. DTA analysis showed that iron addition had a beneficial effect on the mullite formation leading to the temperature decreasing as the amount of iron increased. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed the increased iron content in the mullite lattice, which led to an increase in the unit parameter and was related to the higher iron content in regular octahedra, disordered octahedra, and tetrahedra with oxygen vacancies. Plate-like morphology observed by SEM suggests the two-dimensional crystal growth (n = 2). The most prominent kinetic models were used to estimate n and Ea from the DTA curves. Ea values increases as iron content increase, indicating that mullitization slows down due to iron incorporation. The Ea values for the undoped mullite sample ranged from 820 to 860 kJ/mol, from 820 to 890 kJ/mol for the irondoped mullite sample containing 6.0 wt% of Fe2O3, and from 960 to 1060 kJ/mol for the irondoped mullite sample containing 12 wt% of Fe2O3.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Svetlana Ilić
creator: Aleksandra Šaponjić
creator: Valentin N. Ivanovski
creator: Milica Pošarac-Marković
creator: Maja Kokunešoski
creator: Đorđe Janaćković
creator: Aleksandar Devečerski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Thermal Stability and Leaching Behavior of Alkali-Activated Slag Doped with Electric Arc Furnace Dust
type: item
description: The study presented in this paper explores the simultaneous valorization of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) through an alkali activation process, as well as the thermal stability of the resulting product. Moreover, environmental fingerprints of alkali activated slag doped with EAFD, before and after thermal treatment, were evaluated. The results demonstrated the feasible alkali activation of EAFS in the presence of EAFD yielding a product that met the criteria which enables its application in a civil engineering at ambient and at elevated temperatures (1000 ºC). Moreover, the EN12457-2 leaching test results, demonstrated that unheated alkali-activated slag with addition of 5% EAFD met the criteria for disposal at non-hazardous landfills as per European Directive 2003/33/CE. However, environmental fingerprints of alkali activated slag with 5% EAFD after heating to 1000 °C, is of concern since chromium release exceeded the permissible concentration requiring disposal in hazardous waste landfills.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nebojša Tadić
creator: Snežana Brašanac-Vukanović
creator: Irena Nikolić
creator: Vuk V. Radmilović
creator: Velimir R. Radmilović
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Room Temperature Mössbauer Characterization of Ferrite with Spinel Structure
type: item
description: Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticle were obtained by different synthesis methods: coprecipitation (CO), ultrasonically assisted coprecipitation (US-CO), coprecipitation followed by mechanochemical treatment (MC-CO), microemulsion (ME) and microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis (MW-HT). The structure and cation distribution are investigated by XRD diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The parameters such as chemical shift, quadruple splitting and hyperfine field and site occupancy of Fe3+ were determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The 57Fe-Mössbauer spectrа of the CoFe2O4 wеrе measured at room temperature in ± 12 mm s-1 Doppler velocity range. The 57Fe-Mössbauerspectrа of the CoFe2O4 samples wеrе fitted with the extended Voigt-based fitting method.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zorica Ž. Lazarević
creator: Aleksandra Milutinović
creator: Ana Umićević
creator: Valentin N. Ivanovski
creator: Vasil Koteski
creator: Ljubica Andjelković
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Influence of Grinding, Pressing and Sintering of the Powder 50.0 wt% Fe, 47.0 wt% BaTiO3 and 3.0 wt% TiO2 on Morphology, Microstructure, Magnetic and Electric Properties
type: item
description: A mixture of 50.0 wt% Fe, 47.0 wt% BaTiO3, and 3.0 wt% TiO2 powders is milled and then pressed and sintered. Samples sintered from ground powders have a structure consisting of plates. They consist of the crystalline phase BaFe12O19 and crystalline and amorphous phases Fe, BaTiO3, and TiO2. Samples sintered from powders ground for more than 180 min are compact and composed of BaFe12O19 crystals embedded in an amorphous matrix consisting of amorphous BaTiO3 and TiO2 phases. Magnetization of a sample ground for 220 min gradually decreases with increasing temperature up to 440 °C. This decrease results from the transition of ordered domains into chaotically directed domains. Above 440 °C, the thermal energy is sufficiently large to destroy ordered paramagnetic ferromagnetic and weakly ferromagnetic domains. During sample cooling in the absence of an external magnetic field, the temperature dependence of magnetization is the same as that obtained during heating in the magnetic field. However, during the sample cooling in the magnetic field, substantially higher values of magnetization are obtained. Considerably higher magnetization of the cooled sample remains even after switching off the external magnetic field. The sintered sample, previously pressed in the magnetic field, has a higher dielectric constant than the sample pressed in the absence of the magnetic field. The dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Milentije Luković
creator: Milica Spasojević Savković
creator: Olivera Kosić
creator: Tanja Barudžija
creator: Aleksa Maričić
creator: Miroslav Spasojević
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Effects of Rice Husk Ash Particles on Tribological Properties of Bronze Matrix Composite Brake Pads
type: item
description: The objective of this study was to examine and compare the physical, mechanical,and tribological properties of hybrid bronze metal matrix composite brake pads reinforced with fly ash and rice husk ash (RHA). To this end, metal matrix brake pad samples with various ratios of rice husk were prepared by hot pressing method. Density, hardness, friction coefficient, friction stability, and specific wear rate values were ascertained for the produced samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were employed to analyses the microstructure and wear surface. Results indicated that with the increase in rice husk ratio, the hardness value increased, whereas the density decreased. Furthermore, an augmentation in the friction coefficient values was attained by increasing the ratio of rice husk. The highest friction coefficient among all the samples produced was determined in the RHA-8 sample, with a value of 0.462. However, the lowest specific wear value was obtained in the RHA-6 sample, with 4.33 x 10-6 cm3/Nm. The coefficient of friction values obtained from all the samples produced were measured to be in the range of 0.3-0.6, which is the desired range for use as a brake pad material in automotive applications. This study demonstrated that RHA, an agricultural byproduct, may be utilized effectively in brake pads, thereby reducing production costs and enhancing the performance of the pads.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: İlker Sugözü
creator: Hüsamettin Kuş
creator: Adem Avcu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Influence of Iron on the Mullite Formation
type: item
description: Influence of iron on the crystallization mechanism of mullite obtained from the hybrid gels and doped with different concentrations of iron was examined. DTA analysis showed that iron addition had a beneficial effect on the mullite formation leading to the temperature decreasing as the amount of iron increased. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed the increased iron content in the mullite lattice, which led to an increase in the unit parameter and was related to the higher iron content in regular octahedra, disordered octahedra, and tetrahedra with oxygen vacancies. Plate-like morphology observed by SEM suggests the two-dimensional crystal growth (n = 2). The most prominent kinetic models were used to estimate n and Ea from the DTA curves. Ea values increases as iron content increase, indicating that mullitization slows down due to iron incorporation. The Ea values for the undoped mullite sample ranged from 820 to 860 kJ/mol, from 820 to 890 kJ/mol for the irondoped mullite sample containing 6.0 wt% of Fe2O3, and from 960 to 1060 kJ/mol for the irondoped mullite sample containing 12 wt% of Fe2O3.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Svetlana Ilić
creator: Aleksandra Šaponjić
creator: Valentin N. Ivanovski
creator: Milica Pošarac-Marković
creator: Maja Kokunešoski
creator: Đorđe Janaćković
creator: Aleksandar Devečerski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Issue Cover
type: item
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Analyzing the Variations in the Composition and Properties in Zirconia Alumina Composite Ceramics
type: item
description: The effect of unstabilized zirconium dioxide on the processes of formation of composite ceramics from industrial corundum powders heat-treated at temperatures of 1430 and 1580°C, changes in its microstructure and physical and mechanical properties have been investigated. It was shown that due to the rigid corundum matrix, unstabilized ZrO2 is preserved mainly in the tetragonal phase. When ceramics are sintered during heat and self-diffusion, zirconium particles are located along the grain boundary of the corundum matrix and fill the pore space. The sintering effect of amorphous SiO2 also contributes to the increased density of ceramics. A two-stage sintering mode provides a finer-grained microstructure of ceramics. It was shown that due to the presence of a larger number of ZrO2 grains capable of t-m-transformation at the Al2O3 boundaries, the resistance of composite ceramics to mechanical and thermal loads increases. Ceramics obtained at 1580°C and containing 6.0 wt.% t-ZrO2 possesses the maximum hardness of 17 GPa. Dilatometric characteristics and the values of the relative shrinkage of composite samples are given.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yuri Komolikov
creator: Larisa Ermakova
creator: Victor Zhuravlev
creator: Vladimir Khrustov
creator: Anton Kaygorodov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16

Development of Low Carbon and Energy-Efficient Geopolymer-Based Paving Blocks
type: item
description: The development of energy-efficient and low-carbon geopolymer-based paving blocks made from waste, as an environmental-friendly material, was evaluated. Ground concrete (GC) and solid brick (SB) powder, as the representatives of construction and demolition waste (C&DW), with the addition of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF), were used. Waste samples were characterized in terms of surface functional groups and radioactivity. The FT-IR spectra showed the required amorphous or semi-crystalline alumino-silicate structure. The gamma spectrometry confirmed waste samples' radiological safety. Hardened geopolymer samples were subjected to physical-mechanical investigation comprising of density, water content, compressive and flexural strengths determination. Based on strength characteristics, the three best prototype mixtures were selected and subjected to further compressive strength determination and durability assessment. Prototype sample SBFASFp1, with a compressive strength of 18.7 MPa, was shown the highest value of all samples, almost the same as the corresponding SBFASF1 sample. Freeze-thaw and the subsequent carbonation tests, as durability indicators, showed that the SBFASF1 sample had the slightest strength decrease, making it most durable in these conditions. These satisfactory test results showed the favorable effects of alternatives to cementitious materials, encouraging their utilization and contributing to the sustainability of the construction sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ivana V. Jelić
creator: Aleksandar R. Savić
creator: Tatjana A. Miljojčić
creator: Marija Z. Šljivić-Ivanović
creator: Slavko D. Dimović
creator: Marija M. Janković
creator: Ivana M. Perović
creator: Dimitrije M. Zakić
creator: Dragi Lj. Antonijević
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05

Preparation of Magnetic Surface Molecularly Imprinting Polymers Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate as Selective Sorbents for Aniline Removal from Aqueous Medium
type: item
description: In this paper, two molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on glycidyl methacrylate were synthesized by radical suspension polymerization and surface imprinting method in the presence of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Ethylenediamine (eda) and triethylentetramine (teta) were used for surface imprinting. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and mercury porosimetry. The sorption and desorption behaviors of two MIPs as an aniline sorbent from aqueous solutions were evaluated. Sorption studies were carried out in the pH range of 2.0 - 10.0 and maximum sorption capacities were attained at pH 6.0. Also, the effect of different desorption agents were examined and acetonitrile was chosen as the best desorbing eluent for aniline. The obtained MIPs were regenerated in four sorption/desorption cycles, and the results show that these two MIPs could be reusable as sorbents for removing aniline from polluted wastewater.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Tamara T. Tadić
creator: Zorica M. Vuković
creator: Vladimir Pavlović
creator: Aleksandra B. Nastasović
creator: Antonije E. Onjia
creator: Bojana M. Marković
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03

Sintered Magnesium Ferrite Particles in Decolorization of Anthraquinone dye AV 109: Combination of Adsorption and Fenton Process
type: item
description: Magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) particles were synthetized by sol-gel method and used in the decolorization of the Acid Violet 109 (anthraquinone dye, AV109) water solutions' by combination of adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton process. The material's morphology and elemental analysis of the surface were revealed by Scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique was used to analyze the crystallographic phase. In the first part of the decolorization experiment, the adsorption ability of the synthesized particles was investigated. During the adsorption study influence of pH was investigated. In the second part of the decolorization experiment, the effects of the various parameters on the Fenton process were studied such as the initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, dye, and magnesium ferrite particles. Influence of magnesium ferrite particles structure, pH value and reaction temperature were also investigated. The decolorization reaction was followed by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. At optimal conditions, the dye decolorization was 99.1% (55.4% by adsorption and 43.7% by the Fenton process). Both the adsorption and the Fenton process obey second-order kinetics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Stevan S. Stupar
creator: Pavel Otřísal
creator: Negovan D. Ivanković
creator: Dušan Ž. Mijin
creator: Marija M. Vuksanović
creator: Radmila M. Jančić Heinemann
creator: Aleksandra D. Samolov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03

Solid-state Synthesis of a Luminescent Material Based on Strontium Aluminate Doped with Rare Earths
type: item
description: In this study, the processing of a luminescent ceramic material based on strontium aluminate doped with rare earths (Europium and Dysprosium) was carried out. For this purpose, an intense mixing of the precursor materials (Al, Al2O3 and SrCO3) was carried out, with the addition of Europium and Dysprosium. After mechanical milling, precursor powders have sizes smaller than 1 micrometer, and there is a good distribution of powder size. The presence of aluminum in the precursor materials is explained by the desire to obtain nanometric alumina from it, according to the aluminum oxide bonding reaction process (RBAO). The progress of Al2O3 and SrAl2O4 formation was monitored by XRD analysis of the formation of intermediate phases during heat treatment through interrupted tests at different temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis was also carried out to determine the oxidation temperatures of Al and decomposition of SrCO3. Finally, the analysis by optical emission spectroscopy indicates wavelengths in agreement with the electronic structure of the elements in the SrAl2O4:EuDy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Itania D. López-Vargas
creator: Carlos A. Calles-Arriaga
creator: José A. Rodríguez-García
creator: José G. Miranda-Hernández
creator: Enrique Rocha-Rangel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03

Sintered Magnesium Ferrite Particles in Decolorization of Anthraquinone dye AV 109: Combination of Adsorption and Fenton Process-Supplementary material
type: item
description: Magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) particles were synthetized by sol-gel method and used in the decolorization of the Acid Violet 109 (anthraquinone dye, AV109) water solutions' by combination of adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton process. The material's morphology and elemental analysis of the surface were revealed by Scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique was used to analyze the crystallographic phase. In the first part of the decolorization experiment, the adsorption ability of the synthesized particles was investigated. During the adsorption study influence of pH was investigated. In the second part of the decolorization experiment, the effects of the various parameters on the Fenton process were studied such as the initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, dye, and magnesium ferrite particles. Influence of magnesium ferrite particles structure, pH value and reaction temperature were also investigated. The decolorization reaction was followed by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. At optimal conditions, the dye decolorization was 99.1% (55.4% by adsorption and 43.7% by the Fenton process). Both the adsorption and the Fenton process obey second-order kinetics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Stevan S. Stupar
creator: Pavel Otřísal
creator: Negovan D. Ivanković
creator: Dušan Ž. Mijin
creator: Marija M. Vuksanović
creator: Radmila M. Jančić Heinemann
creator: Aleksandra D. Samolov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03

Comparative Analysis of In-Situ Ionic Activators for Increased Energy Efficiency Process in Alkaline Electrolysers
type: item
description: Electrodeposition of selected d-metals by in-situ electrodeposition as a method for improvement of electrocatalytic activity of conventional electrodes for alkaline hydrogen evolution has been attracting the attention of researchers for about two decades. The modification of metal electrodes by ionic activators as a combination of two (binary systems) or three (ternary systems) d-metal complexes added in electrolytic solution were represented in many studies. Better catalytic performances and higher energy efficiency compared to the common electrodes is provided by a number of affordable and inexpensive solutions resulting from this research. Based on the combinations of selected d-metal complexes added in-situ to the electrolyte during electrolysis, this work provides a systematic overview of the binary and ternary systems of ionic activators, that contribute to energy savings in alkaline electrolysers, with the particular attention paid to the discussion of similarities and universal principles. Theoretical background and the fundamental properties that lay beyond the observed improvements of electrode performance upon activation by ionic activators is also represented.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Slađana Maslovara
creator: Dragana Vasić Anićijević
creator: Aleksandra Šaponjić
creator: Dragica Đurđević-Milošević
creator: Željka Nikolić
creator: Vladimir Nikolić
creator: Milica Marčeta Kaninski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03

Exploring the Use of Iron Ore and Pellet Dusts in Sinter Production: A Comprehensive Evaluation
type: item
description: Silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA), a significant equilibrium crystalline phase in the Fe2O3-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary structure, is an effective bonding form in the sintering process of fine iron ore. The current study investigates the effects of using pellet dust instead of iron ore in sinter blend in SFCA phases. Investigation of the internal structure of the sinter is critical in terms of its physical and metallurgical properties. In this study, the sinter pot experimental conditions were simulated to the actual sinter mill situation. The chemical structure of SFCA compounds was defined as both SFCA and SFCA-I phases in the SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 and Si-Ca-Fe ternary-phase system. The comparison of the sinter samples with each other revealed that the sinter mixture with a pellet dust fraction of 13.53% in the Sin-3 probably achieved the best similarity in reaction rate and formed the larger ratios in SFCA and SFCA-I. This approach ensures that all sintering parameters are controlled, thereby enhancing the mechanical and technological quality of the sinter, which will result in a more stable charge to the Blast Furnace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ömer Saltuk Bölükbaşı
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03